Il mondo fantastico, onirico, febbrilmente creativo di Joan Miró viene presentato al pubblico dal 25 settembre 2019 al 23 febbraio 2020, al PAN Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, con l’esposizione dal titolo “Joan Miró. Il linguaggio dei segni”.
La mostra, promossa dall’Assessorato alla Cultura e al Turismo del Comune di Napoli, con il supporto del Ministero della Cultura Portoghese e il patrocinio dell’Ambasciata del Portogallo in Italia, è organizzata dalla Fondazione Serralves di Porto con C.O.R. Creare Organizzare Realizzare di Alessandro Nicosia.
A cura di Robert Lubar Messeri, professore di storia dell’arte all’Institute of Fine Arts della New York University, sotto la preziosa guida di Francesca Villanti, direttore scientifico C.O.R., il percorso espositivo riunisce ben ottanta opere tra quadri, disegni, sculture, collage e arazzi, tutte provenienti dalla straordinaria collezione di proprietà dello Stato portoghese in deposito alla Fondazione Serralves di Porto.
La mostra
Le 80 opere esposte coprono il lungo arco della produzione artistica di Miró, dal 1924 al 1981; più di sei decenni di attività creativa in cui l’artista catalano sviluppa un linguaggio rivoluzionario che trasforma l’arte del XX secolo.
Attraverso la pittura, il disegno, la scultura, la ceramica, l’arazzo e l’incisione, Miró esplora il linguaggio dei segni, il rapporto tra le immagini e il loro significato.
Nell’estate del 1924 Miró mette a punto una svolta radicale nella sua indagine sulla formazione dei segni. Scrivendo a un amico, così descrive il suo recente lavoro: “Figurazione di una delle mie ultime x (non riesco a trovare la parola qui; non voglio dire tela o pittura.) […] Ritratto di un’affascinante amica parigina. […] Una linea verticale per i seni; uno è una pera che apre e sparge i suoi piccoli semi. […] Dall’altra lato, una mela beccata da un uccello. Scintille volano fuori dalla ferita causata da questo becco. […] Nell’angolo superiore della tela ci sono delle stelle. […] Si può a malapena definire un dipinto, ma non me ne frega un accidenti.”
Facendo l’inventario del mondo che lo circonda, Miró inizia a ridurre gli oggetti a semplici sagome e a elementi essenziali. Questo processo di riduzione e semplificazione elimina dal suo lavoro qualsiasi traccia di illusionismo rappresentativo e di spazio.
Comincia a pensare alla superficie pittorica come a uno spazio destinato a segni e iscrizioni piuttosto che come a finestre sul mondo.
Un rapporto misurato e geometrico tra la figura e lo sfondo, tra massa e spazio era stato una costante della tradizione pittorica occidentale per cinque secoli. Miró mina la logica stessa di quel codice visivo: il segno diventa un sostituto di qualcosa che non è più fisicamente presente.
Nel perfezionare e ampliare il suo vocabolario visivo, Miró sviluppa uno stile esclusivo e originale, inaugurando così un nuovo linguaggio dei segni, che modifica il corso dell’arte moderna.
A guidarci nel difficile e, allo stesso tempo, affascinante percorso dell’arte di Mirò, uno studioso di lunga consuetudine e profonda sensibilità: il professor Robert Lubar Messeri, che ne segue le impronte da anni, con eccellente competenza. Lo studioso ha individuato nove sezioni per spiegare i punti nodali dell’artista spagnolo:
IL LINGUAGGIO DEI SEGNI. A partire dalla Ballerina del 1924, viene messo in evidenza come Miró sfrutta le molteplici funzioni della linea come contorno, come scrittura e, nel caso dell’orizzonte, come indicatore dello spazio, consentendo scambi produttivi di significato.
LA FIGURA NELLA RAPPRESENTAZIONE. Dall’inizio degli anni Venti, la figura diventa il soggetto prediletto delle indagini di Miró. Se i cubisti hanno messo la figura sotto pressione nell’ambito dell’illusionismo occidentale, Miró ha minato la logica stessa di quel codice visivo. Sceglie proprio un soggetto famoso come La Fornarina di Raffaello per mettere in scena il suo attacco all’illusionismo occidentale.
LA FIGURA NELLO SFONDO. Miró dà vita a un universo di uccelli volteggianti, corpi astrali, figure gesticolanti e creature fantastiche che sembrano muoversi senza sforzo sulla superficie della tela. A volte la figura è “trovata” nel processo stesso della creazione – come evocata dai segni e dalle macchie presenti sulla tela grezza.
COLLAGE E L’OGGETTO. Miró è uno dei grandi artisti del collage del XX secolo. Già nel 1916 incorpora un frammento del quotidiano di Barcellona La Publicidad in uno dei suoi dipinti. Da quel momento in poi tornerà ripetutamente al collage nel corso della sua lunga carriera.
I DIPINTI SELVAGGI. I “dipinti selvaggi” sono l’espressione di rabbia verso un mondo impazzito, travolto dalla follia dell’odio che porterà inevitabilmente alla guerra. Un insieme di lavori, tra cui i Dipinti su Masonite, nettamente materici, del 1936 raccontano il suo stato d’animo.
L’ELASTICITÀ DEL SEGNO. Miró svuota finalmente i segni di riferimento, spogliando il linguaggio fino ai suoi componenti primari. Il segno e il gesto grafico hanno la precedenza sul significato.
CALLIGRAFIA E ASTRAZIONE GESTUALE. Sono diversi fattori che hanno influenzato il nuovo modo di lavorare di Miró, due in particolar modo: la calligrafia giapponese e il successo dell’Action Painting in America e in Europa.
LA MATERIALITÀ DEL SEGNO. Durante la primavera del 1973, Miró, collaborando con il tessitore Josep Royo, realizza una nuova serie di opere a metà strada tra pittura e scultura definite dal critico Alexandre Cirici Pellicer Sobreteixim. Nelle fitte trame di juta, lana, cotone, canapa e una miriade di altri materiali che Royo prepara, Miró incorpora oggetti comuni.
LE TELE BRUCIATE E LA MORTE DEL SEGNO. Miró esegue, sempre con Royo, nel dicembre 1973, cinque Tele bruciate. Dopo aver tagliato le superfici con un coltello, l’artista applica masse di pigmento su varie aree della tela, usando una torcia per stendere la vernice. Miró e Royo bruciano con cura le varie sezioni del supporto, redendo visibile la struttura del telaio carbonizzata. Poi aggiunge altra vernice e il processo ricomincia.
L’esposizione offre, quindi, al pubblico l’opportunità di ripercorrere, tappa per tappa, il cammino artistico dell’artista spagnolo, esplorando i momenti nodali del suo percorso, evidenziandone mutamenti ed elementi di continuità.
“Un quadro – diceva Miró – non si finisce mai, non si comincia nemmeno, un quadro è come il vento: qualcosa che cammina sempre senza posa”. Auspicava che le sue opere potessero essere un seme pronto a germogliare tra le mani delle future generazioni. I visitatori della mostra sapranno cogliere quel seme e farlo fiorire.
La storia delle opere
Tutte le 80 opere oggetto dell’esposizione sono sbalorditive, così come la storia che le ha condotte fino a Porto. Questo insieme di capolavori, appartenuti a uno dei più autorevoli e raffinati mercanti d’arte moderna, Pierre Matisse – figlio del più noto pittore Henri – rimane sconosciuta ai più per molti anni, finché il collezionista giapponese, che le aveva gelosamente custodite fino al 2005, decide di venderle al Banco Português de Negociós. Un semplice investimento per la banca portoghese, che preferisce non esporle e tenerle al sicuro all’interno di un caveau. Quando il Banco Português, in forti difficoltà economiche, stabilisce di mettere sul mercato l’eccezionale acquisizione, si solleva una protesta su scala nazionale, tanto da far intervenire lo Stato Portoghese, che sospende la vendita e incarica il Museo di Serralves di conservarle.
Tra ottobre 2016 e giugno 2017, le opere sono state presentate per la prima volta al Museo Serralves di Porto, in una esposizione che ha ottenuto oltre 300.000 visitatori.
Ora arriva a Napoli, dando a cittadini e turisti la grande opportunità di ammirare una collezione davvero unica al mondo.
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